Were there any venomous dinosaurs? There's been speculation, but no solid proof. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. It's one of the most memorable scenes in the original movie: the dinosaur spreads the frill around its neck and sprays deadly venom from its jaws. The frill (inspired by Australia's frilled lizard) is pure Hollywood fantasy.

Machine learning prediction of organic materials properties is an efficient virtual screening method ahead of more expensive screening methods. However, this approach has suffered from insufficient labeled data on organic materials to train state-of-the-art machine learning models. In this study, we demonstrate that drug-like small molecule and chemical reaction databases can be used to pretrain the BERT model for the virtual screening of organic materials. Among the BERT models fine-tuned by five virtual screening tasks on organic materials, the USPTO-SMILES pretrained BERT model had R2 > 0.90 for two tasks and R2 > 0.82 for one, which was generally superior to the same models pretrained by the small molecule or organic materials databases, as well as to the other three traditional machine learning models trained directly on the virtual screening task data. The superior performance of the USPTO-SMILES pretrained BERT model is due to the greater variety of organic building blocks in the USPTO database and the broader coverage of the chemical space. The even better performance of the BERT model pretrained externally from a chemical reaction database with additional sources of chemical reactions strengthens our proof of concept that transfer learning across different chemical domains is practical for the virtual screening of organic materials.

The Perseverance Rover has found evidence of organic compounds in the Jezero Crater on Mars. Don't get too excited: These compounds could have also developed in nonbiological ways. But even if it's not proof of organic life on Mars, the results hint at complex organic conditions for the "key building blocks for life." Organic molecules like those observed in the Jezero Crater contain carbon and often hydrogen atoms. They're the core components of life as we know it on Earth.

The human brain is an amazing computing machine. Weighing only three pounds or so, it can process information a thousand times faster than the fastest supercomputer, store a thousand times more information than a powerful laptop, and do it all using no more energy than a 20-watt lightbulb. Researchers are trying to replicate this success using soft, flexible organic materials that can operate like biological neurons and someday might even be able to interconnect with them. Eventually, soft "neuromorphic" computer chips could be implanted directly into the brain, allowing people to control an artificial arm or a computer monitor simply by thinking about it. Like real neurons -- but unlike conventional computer chips -- these new devices can send and receive both chemical and electrical signals.

In the winter of 1997 Carver Mead lectured on an unusual topic for a computer scientist: the nervous systems of animals, such as the humble fly. Mead, a researcher at the California Institute of Technology, described his earlier idea for an electronic problem-solving system inspired by nerve cells, a technique he had dubbed "neuromorphic" computing. A quarter-century later, researchers have designed a carbon-based neuromorphic computing device--essentially an organic robot brain--that can learn to navigate a maze. A neuromorphic chip memorizes information similarly to the way an animal does. When a brain learns something new, a group of its neurons rearrange their connections so they can communicate more quickly and easily.

NASA has shared new details about the sensors used on the Perseverance rover as it travels the surface of Mars in search for signs of past microbial life. The instruments, a high powered camera and an ultraviolet laser, will work in tandem to take readings of the soil to help determine its chemical and mineral makeup. The main instrument, called SHERLOC (or Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals), will be mounted on the end of one of the rover's robotic arms. NASA's Persevernce rover will travel across Mars using an ultraviolet laser to determine what minerals and compounds are present in the soil, based on the way the light scatters SHERLOC will emit a quarter-sized ultraviolet laser at the ground, and scientists will measure the way the light scatters when it hits the ground to infer what kind of minerals and chemical compounds it's made of. The technique will also be used to identify the unique spectral'fingerprint' that certain organic material might give off in the hopes of tracking down potential signs of past life.

In a study published earlier this month in the journal Astrobiology, two researchers say the scientific community should take a closer look at a study of Mars' soil published in 1976. Because two NASA robots may have discovered signs of life on Mars almost four decades ago, say Gilbert Levin from Arizona State University and Patricia Ann Straat from the US National Institutes of Health. It all started when NASA sent two probes, named Viking 1 and Viking 2, to Mars in 1976 to test for signs of life on the Red Planet. As the first spacecraft from Earth to reach Mars, the Viking probes conducted three studies on the planet's biology. To conduct one of the studies, the labed release (LR) experiment, scientists took soil picked up by the Viking probes and mixed it with nutrient-rich water.